Effects on ocular discomfort and tear film dynamics of suturing 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomies / Efeito da sutura da vitrectomia via pars plana de calibre 23 no desconforto ocular e na dinâmica do filme lacrimal

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the effects of suturing 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomies on ocular discomfort and tear film dynamics. Methods: This retrospective chart review involved data from 50 procedures in 50 patients who underwent 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy from January to November 2016. We divided the eyes into two groups according to the presence or absence of sutures; 35 eyes underwent sutureless vitrectomies (Group 1), and 15 eyes underwent vitrectomy with at least one sclerotomy suture site (Group 2). In each group, we assessed objective variables including tear film break-up time, Schirmer test I, corneal surface grading with Oxford system, and a quantitative method evaluating subjective dry eye symptoms using ocular surface disease index questionnaires preoperatively 1 week, and 1 and 3 months after surgery. Results: The tear film break-up time showed a significant difference at the 3-months follow-up (p=0.026). The Schirmer test I and corneal surface staining score showed no statistically significant differences between two groups at any time after the operations. The ocular surface disease index score was significantly lower in Group 1 than in Group 2 at 1 week (p=0.032), 1 month (p=0.026), and 3 months (p=0.041) after the operation. Conclusion: Sclerotomy suturing caused ocular discomfort and had a negative effect on tear film dynamics during the late postoperative period. Sclerotomies without suturing seem to reduce the ocular surface changes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da sutura da vitrectomia via pars plana de 23-gauge sobre o desconforto ocular e a dinâmica do filme lacrimal. Métodos: Esta revisão retrospectiva de prontuários envolveu dados de 50 casos em 50 pacientes submetidos à vitrectomia via pars plana de 23-gauge, de janeiro a novembro de 2016. Dividimos os olhos em dois grupos de acordo com a presença ou ausência de suturas; 35 olhos foram submetidos à vitrectomia sem sutura (Grupo 1) e 15 olhos foram submetidos à vitrectomia com pelo menos um ponto de sutura no local da esclerotomia (Grupo 2). Em cada grupo, avaliamos variáveis objetivas incluindo tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal, teste de Schirmer I, gradação da superfície corneana com o sistema Oxford e um método quantitativo avaliando sintomas subjetivos de olho seco usando questionários de índice de doença da superfície ocular nos períodos: 1 semana do pré-operatório, 1 mês e 3 meses após a cirurgia. Resultados: O tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal apresentou diferença significativa no seguimento de 3 meses (p=0,026). O teste de Schirmer I e o escore da coloração da superfície da córnea não mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos em nenhum momento após as operações. O escore do índice de doença da superfície ocular foi significativamente menor no Grupo 1 em relação ao Grupo 2 no período de 1 semana (p=0,032), 1 mês (p=0,026) e 3 meses (p=0,041) após a cirurgia. Conclusão: A sutura da esclerotomia causou desconforto ocular e teve um efeito negativo na dinâmica do filme lacrimal durante o período pós-operatório. Esclerotomias sem sutura parecem reduzir as alterações da superfície ocular.

Long-term Results of Deep Sclerectomy with Small Collagen Implant in Korean

PURPOSE: To describe the long-term results of deep sclerectomy with collagen implant (DSCI) with or without adjuvant mitomycin C in Korean patients with primary or secondary open-angle glaucoma (OAG). METHODS: This retrospective review was comprised of 65 Korean patients who received DSCI with or without adjuvant mitomycin C due to primary or secondary OAG. Patients were followed for 72 months after surgery. Complete success was defined as intraocular pressure (IOP) <21 mmHg without medication and qualified success was defined as IOP <21 mmHg with or without medication. RESULTS: Mean postoperative follow-up period was 53.0 +/- 16.2 months. Mean IOP was 30.5 +/- 11.7 mmHg preoperatively, 8.4 +/- 4.3 mmHg at postoperative day one and 13.4 +/- 3.8 mmHg 60 months after surgery. The mean number of glaucoma medications was decreased from 3.6 +/- 1.1 to 1.6 +/- 1.3 at 60 months after the operation. Complete and qualified success rates were 36.7% and 79.6% at postoperative 60 months, respectively (Kaplan-Meier survival curve). No shallow or flat anterior chamber, endophthalmitis, or surgery-induced significant cataract was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The results of DSCI in Korean patients presented here seem reasonably excellent with qualified success rates of over 70% at six years with negligible complications.

Cost-effectiveness comparison between non-penetrating deep sclerectomy and maximum-tolerated medical therapy for glaucoma within the Brazilian National Health System (SUS) / Comparação de custo-efetividade entre a esclerectomia profunda não penetrante e a terapia clínica máxima tolerada para o glaucoma no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS)

PURPOSE: Non-penetrating deep sclerectomy (NPDS) has emerged as a viable option in the surgical management of open-angle glaucoma. Our aim is to assess the cost-effectiveness of NPDS and to compare it to maximum medical treatment in a 5-year follow-up. METHODS: A decision analysis model was built. Surgical (NPDS) arm of the decision tree was observational (consecutive retrospective case series) and maximum medical treatment arm was hypothetical. Maximum medical therapy was considered a three-drug regimen (association of a fixed combination of timolol/dorzolamide [FCTD] and a prostaglandin analogue [bimatoprost, latanoprost or travoprost]). Cost-effectiveness ratio was defined as direct cost (US dollars) for each percentage of intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction. Horizon was 5 years and perspective is from the public health care service in Brazil (SUS). Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated. RESULTS: Direct cost for each percentage of IOP reduction in 5 years (cost-effectiveness ratio) was US$ 10.19 for NPDS; US$ 37.45 for the association of a FCTD and bimatoprost; US$ 39.33 for FCTD and travoprost; and US$ 41.42 for FCTD and latanoprost. NPDS demonstrated a better cost-effectiveness ratio, compared to maximum medical therapy. The ICER was negative for all medical treatment options; therefore NPDS was dominant. CONCLUSIONS: Despite some limitations, NPDS was both less costly and more effective than maximum medical therapy. From the Brazilian public health perspective, it was the most cost-effective treatment option when compared to maximum medical therapy (FCTD and prostaglandin).

OBJETIVO: A esclerectomia profunda não penetrante (EPNP) é uma opção viável para o tratamento cirúrgico do glaucoma de ângulo aberto. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a relação custo-efetividade da EPNP e compará-la com terapia clínica máxima (TCM) em um acompanhamento de 5 anos. MÉTODOS: Um modelo de análise de decisão foi proposto comparando-se o tratamento cirúrgico (EPNP) versus a TCM. A avaliação da EPNP foi observacional retrospectiva de uma série consecutiva de casos e da TCM foi hipotética. A TCM foi considerada como o uso de três drogas (associação de uma combinação fixa de timolol/dorzolamida [CFTD] e um análogo de prostaglandina [bimatoprosta, latanoprosta ou travoprosta]). A relação custo-efetividade foi definida com o custo direto (em dólares) para cada porcentual de redução da pressão intraocular (PIO). A razão de custo-efetividade incremental (ICER) foi calculada. O seguimento foi de 5 anos e a perspectiva dos custos é do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). RESULTADOS: O custo direto para cada porcentual de redução da PIO ao final de 5 anos (relação custo-efetividade) foi de US$ 10,19 para a EPNP; US$ 37,45 para a CFTD + bimatoprosta; US$ 39,33 para CFTD + travoprosta; e US$ 41,42 para CFTD + latanoprosta. A EPNP apresentou uma melhor relação custo-efetividade, quando comparada com a TCM. O índice ICER foi negativo, portanto a EPNP foi a opção terapêutica dominante. CONCLUSÃO: A EPNP foi menos custosa e mais efetiva que a TCM. Do ponto de vista do SUS, ela foi a opção mais custo-efetiva, quando comparada com a TCM.

Resources use, costs and effectiveness of non-penetrating deep sclerectomy according to glaucoma stage / Utilização de recursos, custos e efetividade da esclerectomia profunda não penetrante de acordo com a gravidade do glaucoma

PURPOSE: To assess the resources use, costs and effectiveness of non-penetrating deep sclerectomy (NPDS). METHODS: A retrospective cohort of NPDS patients was analyzed. Eyes were stratified according to glaucoma severity into 3 groups: 1 (early), 2 (moderate) and 3 (severe). NPDS associated resources were based on the frequency of the following variables: surgical procedure (NPDS), intraoperative mitomycin C (MMC); 5-fluorouracil needling (5-FU); Nd:YAG laser goniopuncture; new filtering surgery and medications needed postoperatively. Costs were based on the value and prices of the Brazilian Public Health System and follow-up period was 5 years. Success rate: percentage of patients achieving an end-point intraocular pressure <18 mmHg (and least 20 percent reduction) without any medications. RESULTS: Percentage of patients using resources in groups 1, 2 and 3 was, respectively: 92.1 percent, 88.5 percent and 93.0 percent for MMC; 10.5 percent, 11.5 percent and 13.3 percent for 5-FU; 18.4 percent, 19.7 percent and 21.9 percent for goniopuncture and 13.2 percent, 24.6 percent and 27.3 percent for a new surgery. Mean number of glaucoma medications per patient at the end of follow-up was 0.42 in group 1 and 0.48 and 0.73 in groups 2 and 3, respectively. Mean NPDS direct cost was US$305.25, US$361.37 and US$390.09 in early, moderate and severe glaucoma, respectively. No differences were found in effectiveness according to glaucoma severity. CONCLUSION: There is a trend in the use of resources and costs in NPDS. The more advanced the glaucoma, the higher the need for resources and the higher the associated costs. NPDS effectiveness did not differ among different glaucoma stages.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a utilização de recursos, os custos e a efetividade da esclerectomia profunda não penetrante (EPNP). MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo consecutivo de olhos operados de glaucoma pela técnica de EPNP. Os olhos foram divididos em três grupos de acordo com a gravidade do glaucoma: 1 (inicial), 2 (moderado) e 3 (avançado). Os recursos considerados foram baseados nas seguintes variáveis: procedimento cirúrgico (EPNP), uso de mitomicina C (MMC) intraoperatória, agulhamento com 5-fluoruracil (5-FU), goniopuntura com Nd:YAG laser, nova cirurgia filtrante e medicações necessárias no pós-operatório. O cálculo dos custos foi baseado nos valores exercidos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no período de 5 anos. O sucesso foi considerado uma pressão intraocular final <18 mmHg (com pelo menos 20 por cento de redução) sem qualquer medicação anti-glaucomatosa. RESULTADOS: A utilização proporcional de recursos nos grupos 1, 2 e 3 foi, respectivamente: 92,1 por cento, 88,5 por cento e 93,0 por cento para MMC; 10,5 por cento, 11,5 por cento e 13,3 por cento para 5-FU; 18,4 por cento, 19,7 por cento e 21,9 por cento para goniopuntura e 13,2 por cento, 24,6 por cento e 27,3 por cento para nova cirurgia filtrante. O custo direto da EPNP foi de US$305,25 para os glaucomas iniciais; US$361,37 para os moderados e US$390,09 para os avançados. Não foi observada diferença na efetividade da cirurgia nos três grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se uma tendência na utilização dos recursos e no custo direto da EPNP. Quanto mais avançado o glaucoma, maior foi a necessidade de recursos e maiores foram os custos. A efetividade da EPNP não sofreu influência do estágio evolutivo do glaucoma.

Esclerectomía profunda no perforante: experiencia servicio de oftalmología Hospital Regional de Concepción / Non-perforating deep sclerectomy: experience of ophtalmological service of Hospital Regional, Concepción

Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de la esclerectomía profunda no perforante (EPNP) en el control de la presión intraocular (PIO) en el glaucoma de ángulo abierto. Material y Método: Estudio retrospectivo consistente en revisión de fichas clínicas de 62 pacientes operados (70 ojos) desde enero de 1999 a diciembre de 2002. Resultados: PIO promedio preoperatoria fue de 25,43 mmHg. El 65,87 por ciento de los pacientes usaban 2 medicamentos antes de la cirugía y el 29,85 por ciento usaba 3 ó más. La PIO promedio postoperatoria inmediata fue de 10,81 mmHg. El promedio de PIO a 2 años de seguimiento fue de 17,83 mmHg. El 61 por ciento de los pacientes no usaban o sólo usaban 1 medicamento para control de la PIO. No se observaron complicaciones severa. El 30 por ciento de los pacientes presentaron alteración de la vesícula de filtración. Conclusión: EPNP debe considerarse una herramienta útil y eficaz en el manejo de los pacientes con glaucoma de ángulo abierto, ya que disminuye significativamente la PIO y la necesidad de tratamiento farmacológico tópico. La técnica quirúrgica tiene una baja incidencia de complicaciones, tanto intra como postoperatorias. La mayoría de ellas asociada a alteraciones de la vesícula de filtración.

Comparison of surgical outcomes between small collagen and chromic catgut implants in deep sclerectomy

In deep sclerectomy, collagen implant has been used to maintain space under the scleral flap. However, the effect of other implants has not been studied. In this retrospective study, we compared surgical outcomes between small collagen and chromic catgut used as implants in deep sclerectomy. Deep sclerectomy was performed on 23 patients (25 eyes) who either had an open angle and a high intraocular pressure (IOP) (> 22 mmHg) in spite of receiving the maximal tolerable medical treatment, or who were intolerant to medications. Our study consisted of 14 patients (15 eyes) in the small collagen group and 8 (9 eyes) in the chromic catgut group. The mean follow-up period was 8.6 +/- 3.3 months in the small collagen group and 4.4 +/- 1.2 months in the chromic catgut group. The mean preoperative IOP was not significantly different between the two groups. The complete success rate of the small collagen group was significantly better than that of the chromic catgut group at the final follow-up when data were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier survival curve (87% versus 30%; P = .01). As for the qualified success rate, the small collagen group showed significantly better results at the final follow-up (93% versus 80%; P = .046). The mean number of postoperative medications was significantly lower in the small collagen group (0.26 versus 1.10; P < .05). These results confirmed that the use of small collagen implant in deep sclerectomy produced a higher success rate and a lowered need for postoperative medication compared to the use of chromic catgut implant. Because equal sized implants were used, the difference in biochemical properties, particularly the severity of inflammation caused by the implant, is presumed to be the cause of the different surgical outcomes.

Internal pars plana sclerotomy with the contact ND: YAG laser: an experimental study

Transvitreal pars plana sclerotomy using the contact Nd: YAG laser with a sapphire probe was performed on a group of rabbit eyes and compared with a similar procedure performed with a Ziegler knife. Although the intraocular pressure [IOP] was lowered in both groups of animals, the reduction was greater and more lasting in the group on which the Nd: YAG laser with sapphire probe was used. This technique may have application in cases with extensive peripheral anterior synechiae or where a vitrectomy as a combination procedure to clear ocular media is performed